Técnicas de reproducción asistida para la conservación de mamíferos amenazados. revisión bibliográfica

Abstract

Se ha descrito, según científicos, que actualmente vivimos en la sexta extinción masiva de la historia de la Tierra, con un gran número de especies en peligro de extinción, entre estos, se encuentran los mamíferos, de los cuales está establecido según la UICN (Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza) que un 27% de ellos están en peligro de extinción, demostrando el grave riesgo que existe hacia la biodiversidad de nuestro planeta. Ante esta problemática surge la pregunta: ¿Podrían las técnicas de reproducción asistida (TRA) tener la clave para remediar el daño producido en mamíferos silvestres y que estos ya dejen de encontrarse en peligro de extinción? Para poder responder la pregunta se plantea el objetivo de analizar las TRA existentes y su eficacia realizando una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de publicaciones científicas aceptadas por la comunidad científica. Se usarán criterios de búsqueda, palabras claves y criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Algunas de estas técnicas que se discuten en esta revisión bibliográfica son, por ejemplo, criopreservación, fecundación y maduración in-vitro, inseminación artificial y transferencia de embriones. El uso de estas TRA en mamíferos ha tenido éxito en varias especies, entre ellas algunas carismáticas como el león africano (Panthera leo) y el oso panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). En este análisis bibliográfico, la TRA más utilizada fue la inseminación artificial con o sin criopreservación, aplicada en 53 registros de uso de TRA, abarcando 44 especies y 9 familias. Se registraron 51 especies en total, de las cuales 25 están amenazadas y 26 no, concentradas principalmente en las familias Felidae, Cervidae y Bovidae. La inseminación artificial mostró las mayores tasas de éxito, alcanzando hasta un 100% en algunos casos, seguida por la fertilización in-vitro con inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (60-70% de éxito), aunque los resultados variaron dependiendo del conocimiento específico sobre la especie. Aun así, el uso de TRA sigue limitado a pocas familias, dejando fuera muchas especies amenazadas según la UICN, como Atelidae, Lemuridae, Tapiridae, Manidae, entre otras. Por ello, se destaca la necesidad de extrapolar conocimientos desde especies bien estudiadas hacia aquellas sin datos reproductivos previos, priorizando la investigación en nuevas familias para fortalecer las estrategias de conservación mediante técnicas reproductivas.

According to scientifics, nowadays we live in the sixth massive extinction in the history of Earth, with a big number of endangered species, among these we find mammals, which according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 27% of them are in threat of extinction, showing the high risk that exists thowards the biodiversity of our planet. In light of this problem comes up the following question: Could assisted reproductive techniques (ART) hold the key to mend the harm caused in wildlife mammals and that these stop being endangered? Some of the techniques discussed in this present document are: Cryopreservation, in vitro fecundation and maduration, artificial insemination and embryo transfer. The use of these ART applied to mammals have succeded in several species, among these some are considered carismatics such as the african lion (Panthera leo) and the panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). To answer the question, the objective is stated to analyze existent ART and its efficiency by making a systematic bibliographic review from accepted scientific publications by the scientific community. Searching criteria, key words and exclusion-inclusion criteria will be used. In this bibliographic analysis, the most frequently ART used was artificial insemination, with and without cryopreservation, applied in 53 records of ART usage involving 44 species across 9 families. A total of 51 species were identified, of which 25 were classified as threatened and 26 as non-threatened, mainly belonging to the families Felidae, Cervidae, and Bovidae. Artificial insemination showed the highest success rates, reaching up to 100% in some cases, follows by in -vitro fertilization with intracycloplasmic sperm injection, with success rates ranging from 60% to 70%. However, outcomes varied depending on species-specific knowledge. Despite these advances, the application of ART remains limited to a small number of families, excluding many that incluse threatened species according to the IUCN, such as Atelidae, Lemuridae, Tapiridae, and Manidae, among others. Therefore, it is essential to extrapolate knowledge from well-studied species to those lacking reproductive data, and to prioritize research in new taxonomic groups in order to strengthen conservation strategies through reproductive technologies.

According to scientifics, nowadays we live in the sixth massive extinction in the history of Earth, with a big number of endangered species, among these we find mammals, which according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 27% of them are in threat of extinction, showing the high risk that exists thowards the biodiversity of our planet. In light of this problem comes up the following question: Could assisted reproductive techniques (ART) hold the key to mend the harm caused in wildlife mammals and that these stop being endangered? Some of the techniques discussed in this present document are: Cryopreservation, in vitro fecundation and maduration, artificial insemination and embryo transfer. The use of these ART applied to mammals have succeded in several species, among these some are considered carismatics such as the african lion (Panthera leo) and the panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). To answer the question, the objective is stated to analyze existent ART and its efficiency by making a systematic bibliographic review from accepted scientific publications by the scientific community. Searching criteria, key words and exclusion-inclusion criteria will be used. In this bibliographic analysis, the most frequently ART used was artificial insemination, with and without cryopreservation, applied in 53 records of ART usage involving 44 species across 9 families. A total of 51 species were identified, of which 25 were classified as threatened and 26 as non-threatened, mainly belonging to the families Felidae, Cervidae, and Bovidae. Artificial insemination showed the highest success rates, reaching up to 100% in some cases, follows by in -vitro fertilization with intracycloplasmic sperm injection, with success rates ranging from 60% to 70%. However, outcomes varied depending on species-specific knowledge. Despite these advances, the application of ART remains limited to a small number of families, excluding many that incluse threatened species according to the IUCN, such as Atelidae, Lemuridae, Tapiridae, and Manidae, among others. Therefore, it is essential to extrapolate knowledge from well-studied species to those lacking reproductive data, and to prioritize research in new taxonomic groups in order to strengthen conservation strategies through reproductive technologies.