Advancing electrochemical nanobiosensors for gastric cancer diagnostics: Engineering challenges and clinical integration toward mHealth applications

Abstract

According to statistical data from the World Health Organization, in 2040, there will be an estimated 28.4 million new cancer cases. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most significantly deadly neoplasms: one out of every thirteen deaths worldwide. This situation happens due to two main factors: the clinical manifestations of the disease and the low efficacy of current detection techniques. The biosensors have gained attention as promising tools for early diagnosis, considering their easy integration into point-of-care technology. These devices enable the development of minimally invasive, highly sensitive, cost-effective, and user-friendly tests suitable for accurately screening large population groups. This review will explore applying nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor technology for screening, early detection, and prognostic assessment of stomach cancer. It comprehensively explains biosensor development engineering factors such as shelf life, scalability, reproducibility, and assay time. It compares Electroanalytical Techniques and biorecognition probes for successful biosensor manufacturing, instilling confidence in the review's findings. The role of GC biomarkers and their diagnostic value and biological functions will be covered, highlighting emerging blood biomarkers. It emphasises electrochemical detection in clinical samples and the role of nanomaterials in these outcomes. Finally, translating nanobiosensors into mHealth applications by integration with Internet of Medical Things frameworks is critically reviewed, filling a critical knowledge gap. Therefore, the proposal aims to guide researchers in this interdisciplinary field of Biosensor PoC technologies development for the critical selection of biosensor components from a manufacturing and materials engineering point of view that guarantees a suitable integration and translation to the healthcare system.