Bone Mass, Microarchitecture, and Morphometric Insights on a Right Unilateral Bifid Mandibular Condyle : A Micro-CT Analysis Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare anatomical variation characterized by a division of the mandibular condyle into two distinct heads. Although frequently identified through radiographic studies or in dry skulls, its etiology remains unclear, and few studies have examined its internal bone structure. This study aimed to perform a detailed morphologic and microarchitectural analysis of a right unilateral bifid mandibular condyle using micro-CT and to contrast the findings with the relevant morphological and clinical literature. Case Presentation: A human mandible from an anatomical collection was analyzed. The mandible was scanned using a Bruker 1273 micro-CT system, and a 3D reconstruction was performed. Morphometric analysis was carried out on both the bifid right and normal left condyles, evaluating cortical and trabecular components separately. Parameters included bone volume, absolute bone volume, bone surface, trabecular thickness, separation, and number. The right condyle was divided into medial and lateral heads with independent necks, displaying asymmetry in size and shape. Micro-CT revealed reduced cortical volume and greater trabecular separation in the BMC, suggesting lower bone density compared to the left condyle. Conclusions: This case reveals significant differences in bone architecture between the BMC and the contralateral condyle, indicating a potentially reduced biomechanical capacity on the affected side. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating microstructural evaluation in anatomical and clinical assessments of BMCs and provide novel insights that may inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and understanding of temporomandibular joint disorders.